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The Moses and Aaron Church ( (オランダ語:Mozes en Aäronkerk) ), in the Waterlooplein neighborhood of Amsterdam, is officially the Roman Catholic Church of St. Anthony of Padua ( (オランダ語:Sint-Anthoniuskerk) ). Originally a clandestine church, it was operated by Franciscan priests at a house on ''Jodenbreestraat'' ("Jewish Broad Street" ), where the wall tablets of Moses and Aaron hung on the wall. In 1970, the present church was designated as a Cultural Heritage Monument ( (オランダ語:Rijksmonument) ) of the Netherlands.〔 == History == In the first centuries after the Reformation, the public display of Roman Catholic services and accessories was not tolerated – officially forbidden in 1660 – in Amsterdam.〔 "(Amsterdam )", ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', Volume 1 (New York City: Robert Appleton Co., 1907), retrieved 24 December 2013.〕 So in 1641 the Franciscans went to the ''Joodenbuurt'' ("Jewish Neighborhood" ),〔Traditionally, the boundaries of the ''Jodenbuurt'' are the Amstel River in the southwest, the ''Zwanenburgwal'' ("Swans City Wall" ) and ''Oudeschans'' ("Old Rampart" ) canals in the northwest, Rapenburg, a street in the northeast, and the ''Nieuw Herengracht'' ("New Patricians Canal" ) in the southeast.〕 then at the outskirts of the east side of Amsterdam, and opened a house church, the second of its kind in the city,〔Only "''de Boom''" ("The Tree" ) was older, founded in 1628 on ''Kalverstraat'' ("Calves Street" ) in central Amsterdam by the Franciscans. "''(688 ): Archief van de Parochie van de Heilige Antonius van Padua (Mozes en Aäron)'' (Archives of the Parish of Saint Anthony of Padua (Moses and Aaron) )", ''Stadsarchief Amsterdam'' (''City Archives of Amsterdam'' ), retrieved 26 December 2013.〕 at a house called the "Moyses" ( Moses ), at the back of the present church. In 1682, the house was joined by the neighboring house "Aäron" ( Aaron ) with the purchase by Dr. Johannes de Vroom, a physician from Breda,〔 (Deed for Johannes de Vroom ), dated 2 February 1682, "''Transportakten voor 1811'' (Deeds before 1811 )", ''Stadsarchief Amsterdam'' (''City Archives of Amsterdam'' ), retrieved 24 December 2013.〕 as well as by the house behind it on the ''Houtgracht'' ("Wood Canal" ).〔This is the birthplace of Baruch Spinoza, who lived for the first twenty years of his life (1632–1652) with his parents.〕 Subsequently, also in 1682, a neighboring property owned by David Torres was bought by an intermediary.〔 (Deeds for David Torres ), dated 23 June 1682, "''Transportakten voor 1811'' (before 1811 )", ''Stadsarchief Amsterdam'' (''City Archives of Amsterdam'' ), retrieved 24 December 2013. The house and its yard were between ''Lazarussteeg'' ("Lazarus Alley" ) ( ''Lazarusstraat'' ("Lazarus Street" ) ) and the "''Joodsekerk''" ("Jewish Church" ).〕 Named after the brothers from the Old Testament, the twin houses proved to be better known than their hidden church, ''Sint-Anthoniuskerk'', which had been dedicated to the church's patron saint, St. Anthony of Padua. In 1690, Johannes de Vroom, brother of the priest, consolidated all the four properties into a single block.〔 (Deed for Johannes de Vroom ), dated 31 January 1690, "''Transportakten voor 1811'' (Deeds before 1811 )", ''Stadsarchief Amsterdam'' (''City Archives of Amsterdam'' ), retrieved 24 December 2013. The church was still listed as the "Jewish Church" in this deed.〕 In the meantime, the expansion of the church had already begun, before the sale was made and before permission was obtained from the City Council.〔 I(). H(). van Eeghen, "''De eigendom van de katholieke kerken in Amsterdam ten tijde van de Republiek'' (The Ownership of the Catholic Churches in Amsterdam in the Time of the Republic )", ''Bijdragen Bisdom Haarlem'' (''Review of the Diocese of Haarlem'' ), Volume 64 (1957), pages 217-277.〕 The entrance was moved from Jodenbreestraat to the Houtgracht. The church was decorated inside and outside, including a new facade, in 1759. But it remained hidden under the gables of the two houses until the early 19th Century, when the prohibitions against the Catholic Church were finally lifted.〔 "Amsterdam", ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', ''op. cit.'' The Catholic emancipation began in 1796 and some adjustments were made during the Kingdom of Holland. The situation improved significantly under the reign of King William II. The new Constitution of 1848 completed the Catholic emancipation and the Catholic hierarchy followed five years later in 1853.〕 It was replaced between 1837 and 1841 by a bigger and grander building on the same site. ''Mozes en Aäronkerk'' was raised to the rank of parish under its original name, St. Anthony of Padua, in 1857, four years after the Roman Catholic hierarchy was restored to the Netherlands.〔 "''(688 ): Heilige Antonius van Padua (Mozes en Aäron)'', ''Stadsarchief Amsterdam'', ''op. cit.''〕 But gradually the church's parishioners deserted for other parts of Amsterdam and the second oldest of the city's Catholic parishes became the least of them.〔 "Amsterdam", ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', ''op. cit." By 1907, Amsterdam had eighteen parishes. The three most important of them were mentioned by name but ''Sint-Anthoniuskerk'', in spite of its devoted service during the dangerous days of the Reformation, was not one of them.〕 The church even lost its namesake cemetery in 1866. Established in 1640, it was the first municipal cemetery in Amsterdam. In other words, it was not under the control of any particular church; it was under the control of the City Hall of Amsterdam, but ''Mozes en Aäronkerk'', as ''Sint-Anthoniuskerk'', was allowed to keep its register of burials for this cemetery, which was primarily used to bury the less fortunate, such as paupers and strangers, just outside the ''Sint-Anthonispoort'' ("St Anthony's Gate" ), only 225 yards ( 206 meters ) southeast of the church, at the present intersection of Weesperstraat and Nieuw Herengracht. During the late 19th and early 20th Century, the church was a Catholic island in a Jewish neighborhood.〔 "''(Geschiedenis: kerk )'' ( Church )", ''Mozeshuis: Mozes & Aäronkerk'', retrieved 24 December 2013.〕 It served as a landmark for the Jewish ghetto throughout the German occupation of Amsterdam in World War II. Eventually, the parish of "Sint-Anthonius" was suppressed in 1969 but the church kept its official status. In 2014, after an interruption of 34 years, the church was reconsecrated, and the weekly sunday mass was resumed, together with weekday prayer services. The church and its liturgical function was confided to the Community of Sant'Egidio, who use it as a center for charitable activities in Amsterdam. The former activities, such as providing the setting for secular weddings, and cultural events were suspended, and the local socio-cultural organization, "''Mozeshuis''" ("Moses House"), opened in 1969, and previously suffering financial difficulties, was closed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mozes en Aäronkerk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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